The syntactic function of the sentence-final de has been widely discussed in the academic circles. In the Lianjiang and Maoming dialects of western Guangdong, the corresponding form of the sentence-final de is ge [kɔ33], which is equivalent to de3 in Mandarin and highly parrallels de3 in development trajectory. The [kɔ] at the end of a sentence in the dialects of western Guangdong has a dual nature. It can be analyzed as a structural particle while conveying a broad confirmation tone. When expressing assertion and confirmation, two [kɔ]s can appear at the end of the sentence, representing an intermediate stage in the evolution of [kɔ] from a structural particle to a modal particle. The co-occurrence phenomenon exists not only in the Cantonese dialects of western Guangdong but also in the Hakka dialect of Anyuan (Kongtian) in Jiangxi. This dialectal fact confirms the evolution process of “structural particles>modal particles” and provides important clues for the discussion of Mandarin de and other related issues.
Key words
final structural particle de /
modal particles /
co-occurrence
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