The &#x0201c;V dan/le + Directional Complement&#x0201d; Construction in Early Western Missionary Documents of Ningbo Dialect: With Implications for the &#x0201c;VX + Directional&#x0201d; Pattern in Chinese Dialects

Su&#x02019;e Lin; Muzhen Shen

doi:10.65961/crcl-2026-0046

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Current Research in Chinese Linguistics ›› 2026, Vol. 105 ›› Issue (3) : 959-995. DOI: 10.65961/crcl-2026-0046

The “V dan/le + Directional Complement” Construction in Early Western Missionary Documents of Ningbo Dialect: With Implications for the “VX + Directional” Pattern in Chinese Dialects

Su’e Lin, Muzhen Shen

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Abstract

Early Western missionary documents on the Ningbo dialect reveal the coexistence of two directional verb-complement structures: “V dan + Dp/DpDd” and “V le + Dd”. The former represents an indigenous innovation within the dialect, while the latter – corresponding to the de-type directional construction in Mandarin – was borrowed from the lingua franca. In the contemporary dialect, the “VX + Directional” structure likewise exhibits both indigenous and borrowed forms, both converging toward the directional complement pattern. Cross-dialectal asymmetries in “VX + Directional” constructions reflect a four-stage grammaticalization pathway: “VX + Dp/lai/qu/DpDd” → “VX + lai/qu/DpDd” → “VX + lai/qu” → “VX + lai”. This progression demonstrates that the hierarchy for incorporation of directional elements into the verb-complement structure is: Dp > DpDd > Dd. Crucially, the element “X” in “VX + Directional” is not a structural particle or complement marker but functions as an anterior marker.

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Early Ningbo dialect / “VX + Directional” construction / indigenous innovation type / linguistic borrowing type

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Su’e Lin, Muzhen Shen. The “V dan/le + Directional Complement” Construction in Early Western Missionary Documents of Ningbo Dialect: With Implications for the “VX + Directional” Pattern in Chinese Dialects.Current Research in Chinese Linguistics2026 , 105(3): 959-995. https://doi.org/10.65961/crcl-2026-0046

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