The sentence-final [kai55] in the Chao’an dialect can be classified as [kai55-21]focus and [kai55-21]confirm, based on the “[kai-42]...[kai55-21]” construction, which serves functions of past-focus and affirmation. However, [kai55-21]focus cannot independently serve as a focus marker, nor can [kai55-21]confirm function alone as a modal particle. They both require co-occurrence with [kai42] in the “[kai42]...[kai55-21]” construction. The evolutionary paths of sentence-final [kai55] in the Chao’an dialect include: (1) quantifier → indefinite pronoun → definite pronoun → copula → contrastive focus marker; (2) quantifier → indefinite pronoun → definite pronoun → structure auxiliary → contrastive focus marker. The functional development of “[kai-42]...[kai55-21]” construction follows the path: Expressing judgment → Marking contrastive focus → Expressing confirmatory mood.
Key words
Min dialect /
[kai55] /
[kai-42]…[kai55-21] structure
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