The article examines the corresponding particle of de in Penang Hokkien, a Southern Min variety used in Malaysia, which is [e13]. We first distinguish three usages of the sentence-final particle [e13] in Penang Hokkien: as a modifier marker, used in clefts, and in sentence-final position. We then examine the syntactic level of the sentence-final [e13] in Penang Hokkien while also discussing the system of sentence-final particles in Mandarin. We find that the sentence-final [e13] is within the CP layer, specifically in AssertionP. This projection is higher than OnlyP, but lower than Degree SFPs, including focus particles. Despite being in the same projection, Mandarin’s sentence-final de and Penang Hokkien’s sentence-final [e13] differ both grammatically and semantically. The article also demonstrates the periphery structure of Penang Hokkien through the order and co- occurrence of sentence-final particles.
Key words
Penang Hokkien /
sentence-final [e13] /
cartography /
SFP system /
periphery structure
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