In the Jiyuan dialect, the word lia ‘two’ may follow two or more elements linked by gei ‘and, with’, forming the frame “…gei…lia”. The connected elements can be nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, or nominal and verbal phrases. The study finds that the grammatical function of lia is closely related to its phonetic form: when pronounced with its original tone [lia51], lia carries a concrete meaning of “two”, and the syntactic structure is […gei […lia]]; when pronounced as [lia21], its meaning becomes grammaticalized, with lia referring back to the entire phrase as a comitative case marker, and the syntactic structure is [[…gei…] lia]. The comitative case marker lia in the Jiyuan dialect is a result of contact with the Mongolian language, replicating the grammatical evolution path of Mongolian: “dual number > comitative case”. The grammaticalization path of the postposition liangge (lia) in Chinese dialects evolves from the concrete meaning of “two” to a comitative case marker, then to an expanded dual number marker, and ultimately to a redundant element with its grammatical function fully dissolved.
Key words
liangge (lia) /
comitative case /
Jiyuan dialect
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