In the Gaoping dialect of Jin, mékàn functions not only as a verb phrase but also as a discourse marker. It exhibits three semantic types: explanatory, seeking affirmation, and mitigating opposition, all of which highlight the emphatic function of mékàn. Mékàn is a continuation of the discourse marker méikàn from the Ming and Qing dynasties. Initially a verb phrase meaning ‘did not see’, méikàn later could also express the speaker’s subjective judgment or evaluation, typically in rhetorical questions. Since rhetorical questions convey an inherent negative meaning, the negative sense of the negator méi gradually faded. Consequently, méikàn evolved into an emphatic marker that emphasizes the subsequent proposition. Although ellipted from a rhetorical question, it still retains its rhetorical force. The semantic types of mékàn differ completely from those of the discourse marker biékàn due to their different negators, whereas they overlap slightly with those of nǐkàn. Nevertheless, as “X kàn” discourse markers, they all mark emphasis and share a largely similar evolutionary path.
Key words
discourse marker mékàn /
semantic type /
emphasis /
counter-question
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