Abstract
Analects 9.10 states that, “Zi jian zicui zhe, mian yichang zhe yu guzhe, jian zhi, sui shao, bi zuo; guo zhi, bi qu. ‘When the Master saw a person in a mourning dress, or any one with the cap and upper and lower garments of full dress, or a blind person, on observing them approaching, though they were younger than himself, he would rise up; and if he had to pass by them, he would do so hastily.’” Most scholars interpret the two jian as ‘see’, ‘meet’ or ‘encounter’, and guo as ‘pass by’, and punctuate the text accordingly. Such interpretations and punctuation result in semantic repetition, contradiction with the main idea of the chapter, and structural imbalance. This essay argues in favour the view advanced by Yu Yue and Qian Mu that the first jian covers the meanings of both the second jian and guo. Guo here means ‘pay a visit’. The two jian differ in meaning: the first means ‘meet with’, and the second ‘grant an audience’. The key point of punctuation in this chapter is that a colon should be placed after guzhe ‘a blind person’. This clause presents the general situation, while the latter two jian zhi, sui shao, bi zuo ‘upon receiving them, though they were younger than himself, he would rise up’ and guo zhi, bi qu ‘when visiting them, he would hasten his pace’ are the two specific instances of jian ‘meet with’ mentioned in the first clause.
Key words
Analects 9.10 /
jian /
guo /
syntactic structure /
semantic structure
Cite this article
Download Citations
Xinyi Wang, Jie Huang.
A Philological Study of Analects 9.10[J]. Current Research in Chinese Linguistics. 2026, 105(3): 997-1010 https://doi.org/10.65961/crcl-2026-0047
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
References
丁度等（編）。1985。集韻。上海：上海古籍出版社。Du Ding et al. (eds.). 1985. Jiyun. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe.
皇侃。2013。論語義疏，高尚榘（校點）。北京：中華書局。Kan Huang. 2013. Lunyu Yishu, collated and punctuated by Shangju Gao. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
黃懷信、周海生、孔德立。2008。論語彙校集釋。上海：上海古籍出版社。Huaixin Huang, Haisheng Zhou & Deli Kong. 2008. Lunyu Huijiao Jishi. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe.
賈昌朝。2020。群經音辨，萬獻初（點校）。北京：中華書局。Changchao Jia. 2020. Qunjing Yinbian, punctuated and collated by Xianchu Wan. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
李零。2007。喪家狗：我讀《論語》。太原：山西人民出版社。Ling Li. 2007. Sangjia Gou: Wo Du “Lunyu”. Taiyuan: Shanxi Renmin Chubanshe.
李澤厚。2008。論語今讀。北京：三聯書店。Zehou Li. 2008. Lunyu Jindu. Beijing: Sanlian Shudian.
劉寶楠。1990。論語正義，高流水（點校）。北京：中華書局。Baonan Liu. 1990. Lunyu Zhengyi, punctuated and collated by Liushui Gao. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
陸德明。1983。經典釋文，黃焯（斷句）。北京：中華書局。Deming Lu. 1983. Jingdian Shiwen, punctuated by Zhuo Huang. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
馬建忠。2010。馬氏文通。北京：商務印書館。Jianzhong Ma. 2010. Mashi Wentong. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
錢穆。1985。論語新解。成都：巴蜀書社。Mu Qian. 1985. Lunyu Xinjie. Chengdu: Bashu Shushe.
阮元（校刻）。2009。十三經注疏（清嘉慶刊本）。北京：中華書局。Yuan Ruan (coll. & pub.). 2009. Shisan Jing Zhushu, Qing Jiaqing kanben. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
司馬遷。1982。史記，裴駰集解、司馬貞索隱、張守節正義。北京：中華書局。Qian Sima. 1982. Shiji, annotated by Yin Pei (Jijie), Zhen Sima (Suoyin), Shoujie Zhang (Zhengyi). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
孫洪偉。2009。從《經典釋文》看“見”字見母音變匣母的構詞。古漢語研究 4。12–18。Hongwei Sun. 2009. Cong Jingdian Shiwen kan “jian” zi jianmu yinbian xiamu de gouci. Gu Hanyu Yanjiu 4. 12–18.
孫欽善。2009。論語本解。北京：三聯書店。Qinshan Sun. 2009. Lunyu Benjie. Beijing: Sanlian Shudian.
孫玉文。2004。從“聞”“見”的音變構詞看上古漢語有被動構詞。湖北大學學報（哲學社會科學版） 5。560–566。Yuwen Sun. 2004. Cong “wen” “jian” de yinbian gouci kan shanggu Hanyu you beidong gouci. Hubei Daxue Xuebao, zhexue shehui kexue ban 5. 560–566.
孫玉文。2015。漢語變調構詞考辨。北京：商務印書館。Yuwen Sun. 2015. Hanyu Biandiao Gouci Kaobian. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
王力。1962。訓詁學上的一些問題。中國語文 1。7–14。Li Wang. 1962. Xunguxue shang de yixie wenti. Zhongguo Yuwen 1. 7–14.
王力。1990。漢語的滋生詞。北京大學學報（哲學社會科學版） 3。93–102。Li Wang. 1990. Hanyu de zishengci. Beijing Daxue Xuebao, zhexue shehui kexue ban 3. 93–102.
王先雲。2015。上古漢語“見”的音義關係和句法語義。國學學刊 3。109–116, 143–144。Xianyun Wang. 2015. Shanggu Hanyu “jian” de yinyi guanxi he jufa yuyi. Guoxue Xuekan 3. 109–116, 143–144.
許慎。1963。說文解字。北京：中華書局。Shen Xu. 1963. Shuowen Jiezi. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
楊伯峻。1980。論語譯注。北京：中華書局。Bojun Yang. 1980. Lunyu Yizhu. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
楊逢彬。2016。論語新注新譯，陳雲豪（校）。北京：北京大學出版社。Fengbin Yang. 2016. Lunyu Xinzhu Xinyi, collated by Yunhao Chen. Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe.
俞樾。2002。群經平議（續修四庫全書第178册）。上海：上海古籍出版社。Yue Yu. 2002. Qunjing Pingyi, Xuxiu Siku Quanshu di 178 ce. Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe.
周祖謨。2022。廣韻校本。北京：中華書局。Zumo Zhou. 2022. Guangyun Jiaoben. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
朱熹。1983。四書章句集注。北京：中華書局。Xi Zhu. 1983. Sishu Zhangju Jizhu. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
朱熹。2007。詩集傳。南京：鳳凰出版社。Xi Zhu. 2007. Shiji Zhuan. Nanjing: Fenghuang Chubanshe.
PDF(914 KB)
