摘要
客家方言中普遍存在一種獨具特色的AAAA式。由單音節詞（或語素）重疊四次而成,聲調具有高低升調、跌宕起伏的變化;一般充當形容詞,釋義格式一般為“形容……（的樣子）”,具有生動性、強調性。比較分析發現,聲調的變化與調類沒有必然聯繫,但是與調型有關,音高、音長等超音質的格式組合凝固而成各地客家方言不同的韻律結構。AAAA式來源於擬聲詞的四疊,由於語義範圍的擴大和類推作用的影響進一步辭彙化為韻律詞,隨後部分動詞和少數形容詞進入這一韻律結構,四疊後成為摹擬情狀的形容詞。AAAA式除保留基式 A 原詞類的部分語義特徵外,增加了[+摹狀性（含擬聲）]、[+動態性]、[+過程延續]、[+程度高]等語義。普通話和漢語其他方言的AAAA式的重疊屬於構形手段,而客家方言AAAA式屬於構詞手段。
Abstract
There is a unique AAAA pattern in Hakka dialects. It is generated through quadruplication of a monosyllabic word (or morpheme), with tonal variation involving rises and falls in pitch. Such forms are typically used as adjectives that are characterized by vividness and emphasis. Comparative analysis shows that the tonal variation is not necessarily linked to tonal categories, but is related to tonal types. Combinations of suprasegmental features such as pitch and duration have solidified into prosodic patterns in Hakka dialects. With the expansion of the semantic range and the influence of analogical processes, AAAA words undergo lexicalization and become prosodic words. Subsequently, some verbs and a few adjectives enter this prosodic structure, and through quadruplication, they develop into adjectives that imitate the situation. While retaining some of the original semantic features of the base form A, the AAAA pattern acquires additional semantic properties, including [+imitative (including onomatopoeic)], [+dynamic], [+continuous process], and [+intensified degree]. AAAA patterns in Mandarin and other Chinese dialects serve as morphological devices. In contrast, they function as word-formation mechanisms in Hakka dialects.
关键词
AAAA式 /
客家方言 /
韻律結構 /
狀態形容詞 /
摹擬情狀
Key words
AAAA reduplication patterns /
Hakka dialects /
semantic features /
state adjective /
imitation of the situation
黃年豐.
客家方言中的AAAA式韻律詞[J]. 中国语文通讯. 2025, 104(2): 785-802 https://doi.org/10.29499/CrCL.202507_104(2).0028
Nianfeng Huang.
AAAA Reduplication Patterns in Hakka Dialects[J]. Current Research in Chinese Linguistics. 2025, 104(2): 785-802 https://doi.org/10.29499/CrCL.202507_104(2).0028
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
付欣晴. 2013.漢語方言重疊式比較研究.武漢:華中師範大學博士學位論文.Xinqing Fu. 2013. Hanyu fangyan chongdieshi bijiao yanjiu. Wuhan: Huazhong Shifan Daxue boshi xuewei lunwen.
傅雨賢. 2015.連平方言研究.廣州:中山大學出版社.Yuxian Fu. 2015. Lianping Fangyan Yanjiu. Guangzhou: Zhongshan Daxue Chubanshe.
胡方芳. 2008.現代漢語轉喻的認知研究.上海:華東師範大學博士學位論文.Fangfang Hu. 2008. Xiandai Hanyu zhuanyu de renzhi yanjiu. Shanghai: Huadong Shifan Daxue boshi xuewei lunwen.
黃伯榮(主編).1996.漢語方言語法類編.青島:青島出版社.Borong Huang et al. (eds.). 1996. Hanyu Fangyan Yufa Leibian. Qingdao: Qingdao Chubanshe.
江敏華. 2002.東勢客家話的重疊結構與變調.語言暨語言學 3(3).543-567.Minhua Jiang. 2002. Dongshi Kejiahua de chongdie jiegou yu biandiao.Yuyan ji Yuyanxue 3(3). 543-567.
江西安遠縣編纂委員會(編).1993.安遠縣志.北京:新華出版社.Jiangxi Anyuan Xian Bianzuan Weiyuanhui (ed.). 1993. Anyuan Xianzhi. Beijing: Xinhua Chubanshe.
藍小玲. 1984.長汀客話動詞與形容詞的構形法.龍岩師專學報 2(2).78-84.Xiaoling Lan. 1984. Changting Kehua dongci yu xingrongci de gouxingfa.Longyan Shizhuan Xuebao 2(2). 78-84.
藍小玲. 1999.閩西客家方言.廈門:廈門大學出版社.Xiaoling Lan. 1999. Minxi Kejia Fangyan. Xiamen: Xiamen Daxue Chubanshe.
林清書、羅美珍、羅滔.2020.閩西客家方言語詞文化.廣州:世界圖書出版公司(廣東).Qingshu Lin, Meizhen Luo & Tao Luo. 2020. Minxi Kejia Fangyan Yuci Wenhua. Guangzhou: Shijie Tushu Chuban Gongsi (Guangdong).
劉丹青. 1986.蘇州方言重疊式研究.語言研究 1.7-28.Danqing Liu. 1986. Suzhou fangyan chongdieshi yanjiu.Yuyan Yanjiu 1. 7-28.
劉綸鑫. 2001.江西客家方言概況.南昌:江西人民出版社.Lunxin Liu. 2001. Jiangxi Kejia Fangyan Gaikuang. Nanchang: Jiangxi Renmin Chubanshe.
馬慶株. 2002.著名中年語言學家自選集 • 馬慶株卷.合肥:安徽教育出版社.Qingzhu Ma. 2002. Zhuming Zhongnian Yuyanxuejia Zixuanji: Ma Qingzhu Juan. Hefei: Anhui Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
戚曉傑. 2004.形容詞 AAAA式重疊表達及其成因.修辭學習 4.72.Xiaojie Qi. 2004. Xingrongci AAAA shi chongdie biaoda ji qi chengyin.Xiuci Xuexi 4. 72.
邱湘雲. 2016.臺灣客家話四字格構詞類型表現.見胡松柏(編),客家方言調查與研究——第十一屆客家方言國際學術研討會論文集,276-297.廣州:世界圖書出版廣東有限公司.Xiangyun Qiu. 2016. Taiwan Kejiahua sizige gouci leixing biaoxian. In Songbai Hu (ed.), Kejia Fangyan Diaocha yu Yanjiu: Dishiyi Jie Kejia Fangyan Guoji Xueshu Yantaohui Lunwenji, 276-297. Guangzhou: Shiji Tushu Chuban Guangdong Youxian Gongsi.
饒秉才. 1994.興寧客家話語音.見李逢蕊(主編),客家縱橫:首屆客家方言學術研討會專集,61-73.龍岩:閩西客家學研究會.Bingcai Rao. 1994. Xingning Kejiahua yuyin. In Fengrui Li et al.(eds.), Kejia Zongheng: Shou Jie Kejia Fangyan Xueshu Yantaohui Zhuanji, 61-73. Longyan: Minxi Kejiaxue Yanjiuhui.
饒長溶. 2016.長汀客家話初記.北京:中國社會科學出版社.Changrong Rao. 2016. Changting Kejiahua Chuji. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
邵敬敏. 2007.漢語語義語法論集.上海:上海教育出版社.Jingmin Shao. 2007. Hanyu Yuyi Yufa Lunji. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
沈家煊. 2001.《語法化學說》導讀.見 Paul J. Hopper & Elizabeth Closs Traugott,語法化學説,26-31.北京:外語教學與研究出版社.Jiaxuan Shen. 2001. Yufahua Xueshuo daodu. In Paul J. Hopper & Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Grammaticalization, 26-31. Beijing: Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu Chubanshe.
施其生. 1997.論汕頭方言中的“重叠”.語言研究 1.73-86.Qisheng Shi. 1997. Lun Shantou fangyan zhong de “chongdie”.Yuyan Yanjiu 1. 73-86.
宋慶山、楊增宏、張嵐.2017.現代漢語.合肥:合肥工業大學出版社.Qingshan Song, Zenghong Yang & Lan Zhang. 2017. Xiandai Hanyu. Hefei: Hefei Gongye Daxue Chubanshe. 蘇俊波.2012.丹江方言語法研究,武漢:華中師範大學出版社.Junbo Su. 2012. Danjiang Fangyan Yufa Yanjiu. Wuhan: Huazhong Shifan Daxue Chubanshe.
王洪君. 1999.漢語非線性音系學:漢語的音系格局與單字音.北京:北京大學出版社. Hongjun Wang. 1999. Hanyu Feixianxing Yinxixue: Hanyu de Yinxi Geju yu Danziyin.Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe.
王美雨. 2013.車王府藏子弟書疊詞研究.濟南:山東大學出版社.Meiyu Wang. 2013. Chewangfu Cang Zidishu Dieci Yanjiu. Jinan: Shandong Daxue Chubanshe.
謝永昌. 1994.梅縣客家方言志.廣州:暨南大學出版社.Yongchang Xie. 1994. Meixian Kejia Fangyanzhi. Guangzhou: Jinan Daxue Chubanshe.
趙愛武. 2019.近代漢語象聲詞研究.北京:中國社會科學出版社.Aiwu Zhao. 2019. Jindai Hanyu Xiangshengci Yanjiu. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
中國社會科學院語言研究所詞典編輯室(編).2016.現代漢語詞典(第七版).北京:商務印書館.Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Yuyan Yanjiusuo Cidian Bianjishi (ed.). 2016. Xiandai Hanyu Cidian, diqiban. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
鍾慧琳. 2010.客家方言重疊式形容詞分析.嘉應學院學報(哲學社會科學)28(10).22-25.Huilin Zhong. 2010. Kejia fangyan chongdieshi xingrongci fenxi. Jiaying Xueyuan Xuebao, zhexue shehui kexue 28(10). 22-25.
鍾慧琳. 2011.安遠客家方言重疊式形容詞研究.桂林:廣西師範大學碩士學位論文.Huilin Zhong. 2011. Anyuan Kejia fangyan chongdieshi xingrongci yanjiu. Guilin: Guangxi Shifan Daxue shuoshi xuewei lunwen.
PDF(934 KB)
