現代漢語句末助詞“哪”有兩個來源：一是來源於前一詞是-n韻尾的語流音變，記作“哪1”;二是來源於句末助詞“呢啊”的合音，記作“哪2”。本文主要從海外藏河間府方言文獻出發，結合北京話文獻及當代河北相關方言資料，多角度證實了句末助詞連用形式“呢啊”的存在，從而論證了“哪2”“合音說”的合理性。“呢啊”合音為“哪2”後，其語氣表達也從“疊加語氣”發展為“複合語氣”，“哪2”用於非疑問句，表達強烈的提醒語氣，用於疑問句，表達一種弱化的提醒兼深究語氣（有疑而問），或言者批評、責備的態度（無疑而問）。由於“哪2”具有多重語氣且高頻使用，很可能會對跟它同音同行同位的“哪1”產生“同化”作用，最終導致這部分“哪1”跟“哪2”合二為一，共同構成了現代漢語的句末助詞“哪”。
Abstract
The modern Chinese sentence-final particle na has two origins: first, it derives from a phonetic change of a when the preceding word has an “-n” coda, denoted as na1; second, it originates from the syllabic fusion of the sentence-final particles ne and a, denoted as na2. Drawing on a series of Ho-Kian Fu dialect documents compiled by late Qing missionaries, and supplemented by Beijing dialect documents and contemporary Hebei dialect data, this study demonstrates from multiple perspectives the existence of the consecutive use of the sentence-final particles ne and a, thereby substantiating the plausibility of the syllabic fusion theory for na2. After ne a fused into na2, the mood expressed by na2 has also developed from superimposed mood to composite mood. Specifically, in non-interrogative sentences, na2 conveys a strong reminding mood; in interrogative sentences, it conveys a mitigated pragmatic force of reminder and inquiry (in information-seeking questions), or the speaker’s critical or reproachful stance (in rhetorical questions). Owing to its multifunctionality and high frequency, na2 likely exerted an assimilative effect on na1, which is homonymous and occupies the same syntactic position. This ultimately led to the merger of this portion of na1 with na2, together constituting the sentence-final particle na in modern Chinese.
关键词
河間府方言文獻 /
呢呀（啊） /
哪 /
複合語氣 /
同化
Key words
Ho-Kian Fu dialect documents /
ne a /
na /
composite mood /
assimilation
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