普通話的詞尾“了1”被公認為主要標示完整體，用以表達有界事件，但一部分“了1”句卻偏向解讀為無界事件（具有持續義），例如“牆上掛了兩幅畫”“爺爺養了幾條狗”。很多學者認為，這些“了1”句仍是斷言有界事件，它們的持續義解讀是動詞的特殊詞義帶來的語用效果。但本文主張，這些“了1”句能夠斷言無界事件，作這種解讀時，其“了1”是標示了靜態持續體的“了1持續”，其動詞具有靜態義，這兩種因素往往還要配合上處所主語句的靜態構式義，從而共同促成整句斷言事件的持續。我們推斷，功能演變“了1完整→了1持續”主要發生於“附著維持義V +了1 +客體NP”這種搭配式中，屬於非完整體範疇的“了1持續”目前還處於初期發展階段。文章另有兩項發現：一是各種“了1”謂語的結果狀態義可分為四種類型，“了1持續”謂語專指客體狀態的延續；二是適配“了1持續”的附著維持義動詞兼有動態、靜態兩種功能，它們在“了1持續”謂語中承擔靜態功能。
Abstract
Verbal le in Standard Mandarin is commonly recognized as a perfective marker, typically used to denote bounded events. However, some sentences containing verbal le are more likely to be interpreted as expressing unbounded, durative events. While many scholars argue that such sentences still assert bounded events, with the durative reading resulting from the specific lexical meaning of the verb, this paper proposes that these sentences with verbal le can indeed assert unbounded events. In such interpretations, verbal le marks a stative-imperfective aspect, and the verb indicates a certain state. These factors often interact with the stative constructional meaning of existential sentences with a locative subject, collectively leading to the assertion of event duration. We hypothesize that the functional evolution of verbal le from perfective aspect to stative-imperfective aspect mainly takes place in the construction “verb denoting attachment or maintenance + verbal le + object”. At present, the use of verbal le to indicate the imperfective remains in its early developmental stage, which limits its distribution. In addition, the paper presents two findings. First, the resultative states implied by predicates bearing verbal le fall into four categories, and predicates marked by the imperfective le refer solely to the persistence of the object’s state. Secondly, verbs compatible with the imperfective le generally denote attachment or persistence, and feature both dynamic and static properties. When collocating with the imperfective le, these verbs perform a predominantly static function.
关键词
了1 /
完整體 /
靜態持續 /
附著維持義動詞 /
存在句
Key words
verbal le /
perfective /
stative imperfective /
verbs denoting attachment or maintenance /
existential sentences
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