海門方言有表達現實存在的句末助詞“個”,其性質不同於焦點標記“個”和語氣詞“個”。根據所搭配的謂語語義類型可以分為表達過去事件存在的“個過去”、表達靜態性狀存在的“個靜態”、表達慣常事件存在的“個慣常”。用法上,三者均強制性使用,其中“個慣常”能用於否定句而“個過去”“個靜態”不能。功能上,三者均含有存在體義,“個過去”還含有過去時義,“個靜態”還含有肯定的情態義。海門方言的這類句末“個”表 明,吳語中存在有時體功能的句末“個”。
Abstract
There is a sentence-final particle [kəʔ] that expresses realis existence in Haimen dialect. The nature of the particle differs from the focal marker [kəʔ] and the modal particle [kəʔ]. Depending on the semantic type of the predicate, [kəʔ] can be divided into three forms: [kəʔ]past, which expresses the existence of past events, [kəʔ]static, which indicates the existence of static states, and [kəʔ]habitual, which denotes the existence of habitual events. All three forms are used obligatorily. Notably, [kəʔ]habitual can appear in negative sentences, while [kəʔ]past and [kəʔ]static cannot. Functionally, all three forms encode the “existence” aspect, with [kəʔ]past also indicating past tense and [kəʔ]static conveying an affirmative tone. The sentence-final particle [kəʔ] in Haimen dialect demonstrates that the sentence-final particle ge in Wu dialect has a tense-aspect function.
关键词
海門方言 /
句末助詞 /
個 /
現實存在
Key words
Haimen dialect /
sentence-final particles /
ge /
realis existence
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
范曉蕾. 2017.基於漢語方言的慣常範疇研究.當代語言學 4.561-590.Xiaolei Fan. 2017. Jiyu Hanyu fangyan de guanchang fanchou yanjiu.Dangdai Yuyanxue 4. 561-590.
范曉蕾. 2020a.漢語情態詞的語義地圖研究.北京:商務印書館.Xiaolei Fan. 2020a. Hanyu Qingtaici de Yuyi Ditu Yanjiu. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
范曉蕾. 2020b.淺析單雙“了”句的語義對立——兼談“了2”時體功能的劃分.見復旦大學漢語言文字學科《語言研究集刊》編委會(編),語言研究集刊(第二十六輯),239- 262, 441-442.上海:上海辭書出版社.Xiaolei Fan. 2020b. Qianxi danshuang “le” ju de yuyi duili: Jian tan “le2” shiti gongneng de huafen. In Fudan Daxue Hanyuyan Wenzi Xueke Yuyan Yanjiu Jikan Bianweihui (ed.), Yuyan Yanjiu Jikan, di’ershiliu ji, 239-262, 441-442. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe.
范曉蕾. 2024a.句末助詞“的”的功能分類及語義演變.漢語學報 2.2-14.Xiaolei Fan. 2024a. Jumo zhuci “de” de gongneng fenlei ji yuyi yanbian.Hanyu Xuebao 2. 2-14.
范曉蕾. 2024b.香港粵語“有VP”的時體意義——兼論普通話的“沒”.中國語文通訊 1.1-30.Xiaolei Fan. 2024b. Xianggang Yueyu “you VP” de shiti yiyi: Jian lun Putonghua de “mei”.Zhongguo Yuwen Tongxun 1. 1-30.
郭銳. 2015.漢語謂詞性成分的時間參照及其句法後果.世界漢語教學 4.435-449.Rui Guo. 2015. Hanyu weicixing chengfen de shijian canzhao ji qi jufa houguo.Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue 4. 435-449.
胡明揚. 1992.海鹽方言志.杭州:浙江人民出版社.Mingyang Hu. 1992. Haiyan Fangyanzhi. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Renmin Chubanshe.
李訥、安珊笛、張伯江. 1998.從話語角度論證語氣詞“的”.中國語文 2.93-102.Charles N. Li, Sandra A. Thompson & Bojiang Zhang. 1998. Cong huayu jiaodu lunzheng yuqici “de”.Zhongguo Yuwen 2. 93-102.
李小凡. 1998.蘇州方言語法研究.北京:北京大學出版社.Xiaofan Li. 1998. Suzhou Fangyan Yufa Yanjiu. Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe.
李宇鳳. 2020.“挺”的情態確認與對比預期否定.語言教學與研究 1.72-81.Yufeng Li. 2020. “Ting” de qingtai queren yu duibi yuqi fouding.Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu 1. 72-81.
劉丹青(編).2017.語法調查研究手冊(第 2 版).上海:上海教育出版社.Danqing Liu (ed.). 2017. Yufa Diaocha Yanjiu Shouce, di’er ban. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
劉心欣. 2022.程度副詞“挺”及其相關構式研究.長春:吉林大學博士學位論文.Xinxin Liu. 2022. Chengdu fuci “ting” ji qi xiangguan goushi yanjiu. Changchun: Jilin Daxue boshi xuewei lunwen.
龍果夫. 1958.現代漢語語法研究,鄭祖慶(譯).北京:科學出版社.Alexander Dragunov. 1958. Xiandai Hanyu Yufa Yanjiu [Исследования по грамматике современного китайского языка], trans. by Zuqing Zheng. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe.
錢乃榮. 1998.吳語中的“個”和“介”.語言研究 2.78-89.Nairong Qian. 1998. Wuyu zhong de “ge” he “jie”.Yuyan Yanjiu 2. 78-89.
屈承熹. 2006 [1998].漢語篇章語法,潘文國(譯).北京:北京語言大學出版社.Chauncey Cheng-hsi Chu. 2006 [1998]. Hanyu Pianzhang Yufa [A discourse grammar of Mandarin Chinese] trans. by Guowen Pan. Beijing: Beijing Yuyan Daxue Chubanshe.
沈家煊. 1999.不對稱和標記論.南昌:江西教育出版社.Jiaxuan Shen. 1999. Buduichen he Biaojilun. Nanchang: Jiangxi Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
王洪鐘、張惠英.2014.從崇明話、海門話表完成的“個、個特”說起.見盧小群、李藍(編),漢語方言時體問題新探索,241-250.北京:中央民族大學出版社.Hongzhong Wang & Huiying Zhang. 2014. Cong Chongminghua, Haimenhua biao wancheng de “ge, gete” shuo qi. In Xiaoqun Lu & Lan Li (eds.), Hanyu Fangyan Shiti Wenti Xin Tansuo, 241-250. Beijing: Zhongyang Minzu Daxue Chubanshe.
王培光、張惠英.2003.說“個、的”可以表示完成、持續.見戴昭銘(主編),漢語方言語法研究和探索——首屆國際漢語方言語法學術研討會論文集,195-206.哈爾濱:黑龍江人民出版社.Peiguang Wang & Huiying Zhang. 2003. Shuo “ge, de” keyi biaoshi wancheng, chixu. In Zhaoming Daiet al. (eds.), Hanyu Fangyan Yufa Yanjiu he Tansuo: Shou Jie Guoji Hanyu Fangyan Yufa Xueshu Yantaohui Lunwenji, 195-206. Harbin: Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe.
許寶華、 湯珍珠(主編).1988. 上海市區方言志. 上海: 上海教育出版社.Baohua Xu & Zhenzhu Tanget al. (eds.). 1988. Shanghai Shiqu Fangyanzhi. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
徐晶凝. 2012.過去已然事件句對“了”“了2”的選擇.見北京大學中國語言學研究中心《語言學論叢》編委會(編),語言學論叢 45,404-427.北京:商務印書館.Jingning Xu. 2012. Guoqu yiran shijianju dui “le1” “le2” de xuanze. Yuyanxue Luncong 45, 404-427. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan.
趙元任. 1926.北京、蘇州、常州語助詞的研究.清華學報 2.865-918.Yuen Ren Chao. 1926. Beijing, Suzhou, Changzhou yuzhuci de yanjiu.Qinghua Xuebao 2. 865-918.
中國社會科學院語言研究所、澳大利亞人文科學院.1987.中國語言地圖集.香港:朗文出版(遠東)有限公司.Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Yuyan Yanjiusuo & Aodaliya Renwen Kexueyuan. 1987. Zhongguo Yuyan Dituji. Xianggang: Langwen Chuban (Yuandong) Youxian Gongsi.
Chao, Yuen Ren.1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Givón, Talmy.1978. Negation in language: Pragmatics, function, ontology. In Peter Cole (ed.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 9, Pragmatics, 69-112. New York: Academic Press.
Yeh, Meng.1996. An analysis of the experiential guoexp in Mandarin: A temporal quantifier. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5(2). 151-182.
PDF(880 KB)
