本文從語義 - 語用的角度解析副詞“各”表分配時需要滿足的限制條件,提出：“各”要求其分配關鍵詞和分配成分均需含有多個可區分的成員。過往研究發現“各”需要複數性分配關鍵詞以及由無定短語（或者受存在量化約束的變量）實現的分配成分以構建分配關係。本文從“可區分性”的角度對上述條件加以解釋,並指出這些不是允准“各”的充分條件,還需額外考慮其他詞彙和語境因素,而這些因素都是為了滿足“可區分性”這一語義 - 語用要求。在此基礎上,本文進一步說明“各”的分配義與其“不同”義之間的關係。過往研究還指出“各”有“不同”義,本文認為“不同”義本質上屬於語用層面,而非真值條件義,是由可區分性產生的言者的概率預期,表達言者預期分配關鍵詞中的所有成員都映射到分配成分中同一個成員是相對不易發生的情況。
Abstract
This paper analyzes the restriction on the distributivity of Chinese adverbial ge. We propose that ge needs to satisfy the condition of differentiation, which requires that both its sorting key and distributed share contain multiple distinct members, and further delineate the syntactic, lexical, and contextual factors which facilitate differentiation. The paper also addresses ge’s meaning of “difference”, arguing that this meaning of “difference” targets the level of pragmatics and conveys the speaker’s expectation which derives from the condition of differentiation. The notion of differentiation proposed in this paper can give the licensing conditions and semantic properties of ge discussed in the literature a more systemic explanation and uncover more factors which affect the acceptability of ge-sentences.
关键词
“各” /
分配 /
可區分性 /
事件 /
預期
Key words
ge /
distributivity /
differentiation /
event /
expectation
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
陳振宇. 2022.副詞“各”古今句式對比.見陳昌來(編),漢語句式研究(第四輯),177-187.上海:學林出版社.Zhenyu Chen. 2022. Fuci ‘ge’ gujin jushi duibi. In Changlai Chen (ed.), Hanyu Jushi Yanjiu, disi ji, 177-187. Shanghai: Xuelin Chubanshe.
陳振宇、王夢穎、姜毅寧. 2022.再說“果然”——與(正)預期標記有關的問題.當代修辭學 2.39-57.Zhenyu Chen, Mengying Wang & Yining Jiang. 2022. Zaishuo ‘guoran’: Yu (zheng) yuqi biaoji youguan de wenti.Dangdai xiucixue 2. 39-57.
陳忠. 2019.指別等級制約下名量成分跟“每”“各”的匹配.語言教學與研究 3.59-66.Zhong Chen. 2019. Zhibie dengji zhiyue xia mingliang chengfen gen ‘mei’, ‘ge’ de pipei.Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu 3. 59-66.
馮予力、潘海華. 2017.集蓋說一定必要嗎?——談集蓋說在語義研究中的應用及其局限性.當代語言學 3.379-395.Yuli Feng & Haihua Pan. 2017. Jigai shuo yiding biyao ma? Tan jigai shuo zai yuyi yanjiu zhong de yingyong ji qi juxianxing.Dangdai Yuyanxue 3. 379-395.
李寶倫、張蕾、潘海華. 2009.分配算子“各”及相關問題.語言暨語言學 10(2).293-314.Baolun Li, Lei Zhang & Haihua Pan. 2009. Fenpei suanzi ‘ge’ ji xiangguan wenti.Yuyan ji Yuyanxue 10(2). 293-314.
李文浩. 2016.凸顯觀參照下“每”和“各”的語義差別及其句法驗證.漢語學習 4.30-39.Wenhao Li. 2016. Tuxianguan canzhao xia “mei” he “ge” de yuyi chabie ji qi jufa yanzheng.Hanyu xuexi 4. 30-39.
周韌. 2022.概率、預期和管控三項特徵下的“恰好、恰恰、恰巧”辨析.世界漢語教學 2. 96-210.Ren Zhou. 2022. Gailü, yuqi he guankong san xiang tezheng xia de “qiahao, qiaqia, qiaqiao” bianxi.Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue 2. 96-210.
Bach, Emmon.1986. The algebra of events.Linguistics and Philosophy 9(1). 5-16.
Champollion, Lucas.2010. Parts of a whole: Distributivity as a bridge between aspect and measurement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania dissertation.
Champollion, Lucas.2016a. Covert distributivity in algebraic event semantics.Semantics and Pragmatics 9(15). 1-66.
Champollion, Lucas.2016b. Overt distributivity in algebraic event semantics.Semantics and Pragmatics 9(16). 1-65.
Cheng, Jie.2021. An appositive analysis of Mandarin distributorge. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 49(1). 142-193.
Choe, Jae-Woong.1987. Anti-quantifiers and a theory of distributivity. Amherst: University of Massachusetts at Amherst dissertation.
Davidson, Donald.1969. The individuation of events. In Nicholas Rescher et al.(eds.), Essays in honor of Carl G. Hempel, 216-234. Dordrecht: Springer.
Davidson, Donald.1985. Reply to Quine on events. In Ernest LePore & Brian P. McLaughlin (eds.), Actions and events: Perspectives on the philosophy of Donald Davidson, 172-176. New York: Blackwell.
Deng, Dun.2013. The syntax and semantics of event quantifiers in Mandarin Chinese. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison dissertation.
Feng, Yuli.2014. A semantic study on distributive effects in Mandarin Chinese. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong dissertation.
Gil, David.1995. Universal quantifiers and distributivity. In Emmon Bach, Eloise Jelinek, Angelika Kratzer & Barbara H. Partee (eds.), Quantification in natural languages, 321-362. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Kratzer, Angelika.2003. The event argument and the semantics of verbs, chapter 3. Unpublished Manuscript. https://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/GU1NWM4Z/.The%20Event%20Argument%20and%20the%20Semantics%20of%20Verbs.Chapter%203.pdf (accessed 6 June 2016).
Krifka, Manfred.1995. Common nouns: A contrastive analysis of Chinese and English. In Gregory N. Carlson & Francis Jeffry Pelletier (eds.), The generic book, 398-411. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Landman, Fred.1996. Plurality. In Shalom Lappin (ed.), The handbook of contemporary semantic theory, 425-457. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lasersohn, Peter.1995. Plurality, conjunction and events. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Lee, Thomas Hun-tak.1986. Studies on quantification in Chinese. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles dissertation.
Liao, Hsiu-Chen Daphne.2018. Event counting with Chineseci. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 44(2). 31-68.
Lin, Jo-wang.1998. Distributivity in Chinese and its implication.Natural Language Semantics 6. 201-243.
Lin, Tzong-hong.1998. On ge and other related problems. In Liejiong Xu (ed.), The referential properties of Chinese noun phrases, 209-253. Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale.
Moltmann, Friederike.2004. The semantics oftogether. Natural Language Semantics 12. 289-318. Mourelatos, Alexander P. D. 1978. Events, processes, and states. Linguistics and Philosophy 2. 415-434.
Nakanishi, Kimiko.2007. Event quantification and distributivity. In Johannes Dölling, Tatjana Heyde- Zybatow & Martin Schäfer (eds.), Event structures in linguistic form and interpretation, 301-326. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Rothstein, Susan.2008. Telicity, atomicity and the Vendler classification of events. In Susan Rothstein (ed.), Theoretical and crosslinguistic approaches to the semantics of aspect, 43-78. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Scha, Remko.1981. Distributive, collective and cumulative quantification. In Jeroen A. G. Groenendijk et al.(eds.), Formal methods in the study of language, 483-512. Amsterdam: Mathematical Center Tracts.
Schein, Barry.1993. Plurals and events. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Soh, Hooi Ling.1998. Object scrambling in Chinese: A closer look at the post-duration/cardinality phrase position. In Pius N. Tamanji & Kiyomi Kusumoto (eds.), Proceedings of North Eastern Linguistic Society 28(2), 197-211. Amherst: GLSA.
Soh, Hooi Ling.2005. Mandarin distributive quantifierge ‘each’, the structures of double complement constructions and the verb-preposition distinction. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 14(2). 155-173.
Sutton, Melody.1993. Binominal “each”. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles MA Thesis.
Zimmermann, Malte.2002. Boys buying two sausages each: On the syntax and semantics of distance-distributivity. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam dissertation.
PDF(855 KB)
