曇無讖（385-433年）是北涼著名僧人，譯有多種佛教經典，本文對其中的陀羅尼、專有名詞和字母譯音進行對音研究，探討五世紀河西漢語的聲母系統。主要結論如下：（1）全濁聲母讀不送氣音;（2）輕重唇音尚未分化;（3）端組和知組大體已經分化，知組讀舌尖後音;（4）章組聲母讀舌面音，禪母是塞擦音;（5）次濁鼻音聲母是單純的鼻輔音，沒有塞音成分;（6）匣母的對音一分為三。總的來看，曇無讖譯經對音反映出的漢語聲母系統沒有表現出能與後世西北方音建立起歷史聯繫的特徵，而是與當時的共同語比較一致。此外，音譯詞的對應形式表明，雖然曇無讖譯經所據的源語言中存在一些俗語因素，但梵語化的程度已經很高，這也說明以梵語為中介對早期僧人的譯作開展對音研究具有合理性。
Abstract
Dharmaksema (385-433 CE) was a renowned Buddhist monk of the Northern Liang Dynasty who translated numerous Buddhist scriptures. This paper examines the transcriptions of dhāraṇīs, proper names and aksara transliterations in his translations to explore the initial system of Hexi Chinese in the 5th century. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Voiced obstruents were pronounced as unaspirated consonants; (2) Labiodental and bilabial consonants had not yet differentiated; (3) The duān group and zhī group were largely differentiated, with the zhī group pronounced as retroflex consonants; (4) The zhāng group were palatal consonants, and the chán initial was an affricate; (5) Voiced nasal initials were pure nasals without stop components; (6) The correspondances of the xiá initial fell into three categories. Overall, the initial system of Chinese reflected in Dharmaksema’s translations does not exhibit features that can establish a historical link with later Northwestern Chinese dialects, but rather aligns closely with the common language of his time. Moreover, the corresponding forms of the transliterated terms indicate that, while the underlying language of Dharmaksema’s translations contained some Prākrit elements, the degree of Sanskritization was already quite high. This also demonstrates the validity of using Sanskrit as an intermediary for phonological studies of early monks’ translations.
关键词
曇無讖 /
河西漢語 /
聲母 /
源語言
Key words
Dharmaksema /
Hexi Chinese /
initial system /
underlying language
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